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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling that is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most popular type of torque converter used in car transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs utilized for continuously changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is one type that has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling cannot multiply torque. Torque converters have an part called a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating elements inside a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any condition and this is where the word stator originates from. In truth, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been changes which have been integrated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, adjustments to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Usually, these modifications have taken the form of various turbines and stators. Each set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances comprise the Dynaflow that makes use of a five element converter so as to generate the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different auto converters include a lock-up clutch to reduce heat and to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, though it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
