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Today's starter motor is typically a permanent-magnet composition or a series-parallel wound direct current electrical motor along with a starter solenoid installed on it. Once current from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, mainly via a key-operated switch, the solenoid engages a lever which pushes out the drive pinion which is located on the driveshaft and meshes the pinion with the starter ring gear that is found on the flywheel of the engine.
The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, that begins to turn. When the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring in the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This particular action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by means of an overrunning clutch. This allows the pinion to transmit drive in just a single direction. Drive is transmitted in this particular way through the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion remains engaged, for instance in view of the fact that the driver did not release the key once the engine starts or if the solenoid remains engaged as there is a short. This causes the pinion to spin separately of its driveshaft.
This aforementioned action prevents the engine from driving the starter. This is an essential step for the reason that this particular kind of back drive will allow the starter to spin really fast that it can fly apart. Unless adjustments were done, the sprag clutch arrangement will prevent making use of the starter as a generator if it was employed in the hybrid scheme discussed prior. Normally a regular starter motor is intended for intermittent use that would stop it being utilized as a generator.
Thus, the electrical parts are designed to work for roughly under thirty seconds so as to avoid overheating. The overheating results from too slow dissipation of heat due to ohmic losses. The electrical parts are intended to save weight and cost. This is actually the reason nearly all owner's handbooks intended for automobiles suggest the operator to pause for a minimum of 10 seconds after every 10 or 15 seconds of cranking the engine, if trying to start an engine which does not turn over right away.
The overrunning-clutch pinion was launched onto the marked in the early 1960's. Before the 1960's, a Bendix drive was utilized. This particular drive system works on a helically cut driveshaft that has a starter drive pinion placed on it. Once the starter motor begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly allows it to ride forward on the helix, hence engaging with the ring gear. As soon as the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear enables the pinion to surpass the rotating speed of the starter. At this instant, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and hence out of mesh with the ring gear.
The development of Bendix drive was made during the 1930's with the overrunning-clutch design called the Bendix Folo-Thru drive, developed and launched in the 1960s. The Folo-Thru drive has a latching mechanism together with a set of flyweights inside the body of the drive unit. This was better since the average Bendix drive used so as to disengage from the ring as soon as the engine fired, even though it did not stay running.
The drive unit if force forward by inertia on the helical shaft once the starter motor is engaged and begins turning. Then the starter motor becomes latched into the engaged position. As soon as the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than what is attained by the starter motor itself, for instance it is backdriven by the running engine, and afterward the flyweights pull outward in a radial manner. This releases the latch and permits the overdriven drive unit to become spun out of engagement, thus unwanted starter disengagement could be avoided prior to a successful engine start.